Solo2 is right on the money in his explanation. Octane is a rating (done chemically and very complex) of a fuels resistance to detonation. It's ability to be squeezed into a tight place rapidly and not explode. This is why diesel fuel has a very high octane rating...like 180 or 200 or something really high like that.
Racing gas with a high octane can be squeezed to a higher compression ratio, like 14:1. Diesels run like 40:1...and passenger cars 9:1.
So if you want to get technical, a higher octane generally means more gunk in your gas. Specifically, long chain hydrocarbon molecules that resist being pulled apart. Diesel has long chain molecules, that is why it is more oily and slippery than gas as well.
That being said...
Would it hurt your bike to run it through? That is a tough question to answer. I've seen a guy put actual diesel fuel in a honda cx 500 gas tank, fire it up...have the gas in the bowls slowly be replaced by diesel fuel...
...and then he started panicking as it started smoking like a mosquito-control truck. Once it was all flushed out it finally quit smoking, and I don't think it was damaged.
From what I've seen most folks around here tend to be very conservative in their bikemaintenance/ownership. These bikes are getting so old that it would be better to spend the 5 bucks for some fresh gas and the 20 minutes it would take to change it, then to chance it and screw something up. Parts arent getting any cheaper.
Hope that helped.
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